hardware: 二月 2009

2009年2月28日星期六

bluetooth dongle headset

This article is about the electronic protocol. For the medieval King of Denmark, see Harald I of Denmark.

Bluetooth logo.
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

Origin of the name
The word "Bluetooth" is an Anglicized version of the name of a tenth-century king, Harald Blaatand, king of Denmark and Norway, who united dissonant Scandinavian tribes into a single kingdom. The implication being that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one universal standard.
It is possible that the name may have been inspired less by the historical Harald, than by the loose interpretation of him in The Long Ships by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson, a Swedish Viking-inspired novel.

Origin of the Bluetooth logo
The Bluetooth logo design merges the Germanic runes analogous to the modern Latin letters H and B: (for Harald Bluetooth) (Hagall) and (Berkanan) merged together, forming a bind rune.

Implementation
Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. In its basic mode, the modulation is Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK). It can achieve a gross data rate of 1 Mb/s. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.

Uses
Bluetooth is a standard and communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 1 meter, 10 meters, 100 meters) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth makes it possible for these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. Because the devices use a radio (broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in line of sight of each other.

In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver, compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power of Class 1 devices.

bluetooth dongle headset

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Toyota Landcruiser Prado

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Stand Alone Monitors

ir wireless headphone

Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, with a way of holding them close to a user's ears and a means of connecting them to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio or CD player. They are also known as earphones, earbuds, stereophones, headsets or, informally cans. In the context of telecommunication, the term headset is used to describe a combination of headphone and microphone used for two-way communication, for example with a telephone.

History

Old telephone earpiece
The telephone earpiece such as the one pictured at the right was common around the turn of the 20th century. From the earpiece developed the headphones. Sensitive headphones were the only way to listen to audio signals before amplifiers were developed.

Brandes radio headphones, circa 1920
Very sensitive headphones such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919 were commonly used for early radio work. These early headphones used moving iron drivers, either single ended or balanced armature. The requirement for high sensitivity meant no damping was used, thus the sound quality was crude. They also had very poor comfort compared to modern types, usually having no padding and too often having excessive clamping force to the head. Impedance varied, but 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both triodes and crystal sets.
When used with early powered radios, the headphone was normally connected to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely earthed. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while adjusting an uncomfortable headset.

Applications
Headphones can be used both with fixed equipment such as CD or DVD players, home theater, personal computers and with portable devices (e.g. digital audio player/mp3 player, mobile phone, etc.). Cordless headphones do not need to be connected via a wire, receiving a radio or infrared signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, like FM, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. These are actually made of powered receiver systems of which the headphone is only a component, these types of cordless headphones are being used more frequently with events such as a silent disco or Silent Gig.
Headphones are widely used for listening to audio sources for recreation. In the professional audio sector headphones are used in live situations by disc jockeys with a DJ mixer and sound engineers for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios, DJs use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off, to eliminate acoustic feedback and monitor their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play along to a backing track. In the military, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones.
Wired headphones are attached to an audio source. The most common connectors are 1/4" and 3.5 mm stereophonic jack plugs and sockets. The older 1/4" standard is used on professional equipment, and is often used on fixed equipment. Sony introduced the smaller, cheaper, and now widely-used, 3.5 mm "mini" stereo connector in 1979, adapting the older monophonic 3.5 mm connector for use with its Walkman portable stereo tape player. Adapters are available for converting between 1/4" and 3.5 mm devices.

Types of headphones
There are many different types of headphone designs, with the listening situation and the needs of the listener determining what type of headphone will be used. Generally, headphone formfactors can be divided into four separate categories: circumaural, supra-aural, earbud, and in-ear.

Earcup headphones
Earcup or on-ear headphones rest on the exterior of the ear and were the earliest headphone form designed.
The housing, or earcup, of an earcup headphone will be either open or closed. Open headphones, sometimes marketed as “open air” headphones, have an open grille on the back of the earcup, exposing the driver to the outside and allowing sound waves to propagate away from the ear freely. This backing type does not isolate the listener from outside sounds; in addition, sound through open headphones can be heard by others in the vicinity of the user. They usually have less distortion due to the lack of earcup resonance. Closed headphones have a sealed backing, which attenuates sound waves propagating away from the ear. As a result, listeners away from the headphones cannot hear the produced sound easily. In addition, sound from outside is attenuated by the sealed backing, providing a level of isolation to the listener. A sealed chamber is often claimed to have the negative effect of distorting sound in certain frequencies due to resonances within the earcup housing, however, bass frequencies are stronger in a sealed chamber headphone design.

Circumaural
Circumaural headphones (sometimes called fullsized headphones) have circular or

ellipsoid earpads that completely surround around the ears. This type of headphone is commonly used in recording studios and among audio enthusiasts.

Supra-aural
Supra-aural headphones have pads that sit on top of the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with personal stereos during the 1980s.

Earbuds

Earbuds or earphones, such as these that ship with the Apple's iPod, rest in the outer part of the ear canal.

Canalphones extend into the ear canal, facilitating greater dynamic range than earbuds as well as isolation from outside noise.
Earbuds or earphones are headphones of a smaller size that are placed directly outside of the ear canal, but without fully enveloping it. They are generally inexpensive and are favored for their portability and convenience. However, due to their inability to provide isolation, they are not capable of delivering the same dynamic range offered by many full-sized headphones and canalphones for a given volume level. As a result, they are often used at higher volumes in order to drown out noise from the user's surroundings, which increases the risk of hearing-loss.During the 1990s and 2000s, earbuds became a common type bundled with personal music devices.

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bluetooth dongle headset

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Flexible Silicone Keyboard

Toyota Landcruiser Prado

Used Laser Printer

TFT LCD Monitor

Pen USB Disk

A pen (Latin pinna, feather) is a writing instrument used to apply ink to a surface, usually paper. There are several different types, including ballpoint, rollerball, fountain, felt-tip. Historically, reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used.

Types
The main modern types can be categorized by the kind of writing tip:
A ballpoint pen dispenses viscous oil-based ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7–1.2 mm and made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide. It automatically sends ink out from a little ball.The ink dries almost immediately on contact with paper. This type of pen is generally inexpensive and reliable. It has replaced the fountain pen as the most popular tool for everyday writing.
A rollerball pen dispenses a water-based liquid or gel ink through a ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen. The less-viscous ink is more-easily absorbed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen was initially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth "wet ink" effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in a range of colors, including metallic paint colors and glitter effects.

A letter written on paper with a rollerball pen, and the tip of that pen
A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a nib. The ink flows from a reservoir through a "feed" to the nib, then through the nib, due to capillary action and gravity. The nib has no moving parts and delivers ink through a thin slit to the writing surface. A fountain pen reservoir can be refillable or disposable, this disposable type being an ink cartridge. A pen with a refillable reservoir may have a mechanism, such as a piston, to draw ink from a bottle through the nib, or it may require refilling with an eyedropper. Refillable reservoirs are available for some pens designed to use disposable cartridges.
A felt-tip pen, or marker, has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest, finest-tipped markers are used for writing on paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by children for coloring. Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as cardboard boxes and whiteboards. Markers with wide tips and bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to mark existing text. Markers designed for children or for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to label shipping cases or other packages are usually permanent markers.

These historic types of pens are no longer in common use:
A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of a metal nib with capillary channels, like that of a fountain pen, mounted on a handle or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink while drawing or writing. The dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen by clogging, as well as the traditional iron gall ink, which can cause corrosion in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in illustration, calligraphy, and comics (notably manga).
A quill is a pen made from a flight feather of a large bird, most often a goose. Quills were used as instruments for writing with ink before the metal dip pen, the fountain pen, and eventually the ballpoint pen came into use. The shaft of the feather acts as an ink reservoir, and ink flows to the tip by capillary action. Quill pens were used in medieval times to write on parchment or paper. The quill eventually replaced the reed pen.
A reed pen is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in a narrow tip. Its mechanism is essentially similar to that of a quill.

History
Ancient Egyptians had developed writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus Maritimus or sea rush . In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests that on the basis of finds at Saq

qara, the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the Middle Ages although they were slowly replaced by quills from about the seventh century.
The quill pen was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and then introduced into Europe by around 700 AD. It was used in 1787 to write and sign the Constitution of the United States of America. The Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 on the northwest bank of the Dead Sea date back to around 100 BC. At that time they were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers or quills. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europeans had difficulty in obtaining reeds and began to use quills. There is a specific reference to quills in the writings of St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th century. Quill pens were used until the nineteenth century.
A bronze nib was found in the ruins of Pompei showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79. There is also a reference in Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663. A metal pen point was patented in 1803 but the patent was not commercially exploited. John Mitchell of Birmingham started to massproduce pens with metal nibs in 1822. During the 19th century metal nibs replaced quill pens. By 1850 the quality of steel nibs had improved and dip pens with metal nibs came into generalized use.

Waterman pen and fountain pens made for Air France’s Concorde
The earliest historical record of a reservoir fountain pen dates back to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib via gravity and capillary action.
In his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Daniel Schwenter described a pen made from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with cork. Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point.

M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent #68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.
Quill pens began being replaced with steel dip pens in the first years of the 1800s. In Newhall Street, John Mitchell pioneered mass production of steel pens. The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850s. While a student in Paris, Romanian Petrache Poenaru invented the fountain pen; an invention which the French Government patented in May 1827. Starting in the 1850s there was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen patents and pens in production.
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala was a Croatian engineer and inventor who held over seventy patents. Slavoljub Penkala background was in chemistry, however, he is best known as the inventor of the first mechanical pencil first named the "automatic pencil", which he invented in 1906. Penkala started a factory called Penkala-Mostero for the manufacturing of his pens and pencils. http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventors/a/Croatian.htm
Other inventions Slavoljub Penkala was noted for was the first solid-ink fountain pen in 1907, and the first Croatian two-seat airplane in 1909. He also patented a hot water bottle, detergent, a rail-car brake, and a anode. http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventors/a/Croatian.htm
The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30 1888, to John J Loud[8]. In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types of pens including one with a tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper.
Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina fleeing Nazi Germany and on June 10, filed another patent, and formed Bíró Pens of Argentina. By the summer of 1943 the first commercial models were available. Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Papermate in 1979 when the Erasermate was put on the market.

Modern marker pens
In the 1960s the fibre, or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan. Papermate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have become popular in recent years.
Rollerball pens were introduced in the early 1980s. They make use of a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological advances achieved during the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the roller ball's overall performance. A porous point pen contains a point that is made of some porous material such as felt or ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is applied while writing.
Although the invention of the personal computer with the keyboard input method have changed how users write, the pen has not been entirely replaced and likely won't any time soon. Higher end pens including archaic types such as fountain pens are still a status symbol.

Pen USB Disk

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bluetooth dongle headset

Remote Control Keyboard

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Toyota Landcruiser Prado

Used Laser Printer

overhead lcd monitor

Monitor may refer to:
Computers with technology
Visual display unit, a device that displays images generated by computers
Monitor (synchronization), an approach to synchronize two or more computer tasks that use a shared resource
Foldback (sound engineering), the use of rear-facing speakers on stage during a music performance
Machine code monitor, software allowing users to view or change memory locations on a computer
Medical monitor, automated medical device that senses and displays a patient's vital signs
Studio monitor, a loudspeaker designed for audio production applications
Supervisory control, a system that measures or controls data
Video monitor, a device that displays output from a video-generating device
Virtual Machine Monitor, software which virtualizes a computer hardware platform, allowing multiple system images to run simultaneously.
Warships
Monitor (warship), a small warship with one or several very large guns
River monitor, a class of warship used in inland waterways
USS Monitor, a United States Navy warship used during the American Civil War
USS Monitor (LSV-5) a United States Navy vehicle landing ship Companies Media and Entertainment
Monitor (BBC TV)
Monitor (comics), a DC comics character
Monitor (NBC Radio)
Republic record label
Place names
Monitor, Indiana, a town in the United States
Monitor, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the United States
Monitor, Alberta, Canada
Other meanings
Water jet used in hydraulic mining
Fire monitor, a water jet used for firefighting
Monitor (NHS), a United Kingdom government agency also known as the Independent Regulator for NHS Foundation Trusts
Monitor lizard, a lizard
Hall monitor, a student who supervises the corridors of a school
See also
The Monitor
The Monitors
Monitoring

overhead lcd monitor

Pen USB Disk

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Toyota Landcruiser Prado

PC Speaker USB

The PC speaker is the most primitive sound system used in IBM PC compatibles. It was the only source of sound available to PC games before more technologically advanced sound cards such as AdLib and Sound Blaster were introduced as ISA plug-in cards in the late 1980s. However, even some years after these sound cards became mainstream and widely used, game manufacturers continued to support speaker sound/music in their games in order to maximise their customer base. This was in part because sound cards did not originally follow any commonly agreed-upon standard and were largely incompatible with each other, whereas the PC speaker was the only sound system that could be regarded as universally present.
The PC speaker is best characterized by its inability to play more than one tone at once, the waveform being generated by the Programmable Interval Timer. Because of this, it was often nicknamed a PC beeper or PC squeaker, especially when sound cards became widely available. In spite of its limited nature, the PC speaker was often used in very innovative ways to create the impression of polyphonic music or sound effects within computer games of its era, such as the LucasArts series of adventure games from the mid-1990s, using swift arpeggios. Several programs, including MP (Module Player, 1989), ScreamTracker, Fast Tracker, Impulse Tracker, and even device drivers for Linux and Microsoft Windows, could play pulse-code modulation (PCM) sound through the PC speaker using special techniques explained later in this article. Several games such as Space Hulk and Pinball Fantasies were noted for their elaborate sound effects; Space Hulk in particular even had full speech. However, because the method used to reproduce PCM was very sensitive to timing issues, these effects either caused noticeable sluggishness on slower PCs, or sometimes failed completely on faster PCs (that is, significantly faster than the program was originally developed for).
All modern operating systems include a generic sound API, so that applications no longer need to know the specifics of each sound card. Correspondingly, the use of high-quality sound hardware has become commonplace. As a result, the PC speaker today deals mainly with low-level warning signals such as start-up errors. Regardless, the speaker's interface has remained the same and as such can still be utilized (as long as it hasn't been reduced to an onboard miniature piezo speaker, whose acoustic properties are significantly different from the older paper cone speakers such that most of the more complex sound generation techniques no longer work).
Pulse-width modulation
The PC speaker is normally meant to reproduce a square wave via only 2 levels of output, driven by channel 2 of the Intel 8253 (PC, XT) or 8254 (AT and later) Programmable Interval Timer operating in mode three (square wave signal). The speaker hardware itself is directly accessible via PC I/O port 61H (61 hexadecimal) via bit 1 and can be physically manipulated for 2 levels of output (i.e. 1-bit sound). However, by carefully timing a short pulse (i.e. going from one output level to the other and then back to the first), it is possible to drive the speaker to various output levels in between the two defined levels. This effectively allows the speaker to function as a crude DAC, thereby enabling approximate playback of PCM audio. This technique is called pulse-width modulation (PWM) and is notably used in class D audio amplifiers.
Getting a high fidelity sound output out of this technique requires the switching frequency between the minimum and maximum sound levels to be much higher than the audio frequencies meant to be reproduced (typically with a ratio of 10:1 or more), and the output voltage to be bipolar in order to make better use the output devices' dynamic range and power (e.g. by making a loudspeaker vibrate in both directions). On the PC speaker, however, the output voltage is either zero or TTL level (unipolar). As a result, the precision of this technique when used on the PC speaker is comparable at best to a 6-bit PCM DAC, while the final audio results will depend on precise timing and the nature of the reproduced sound.
The audio fidelity of this technique will be further decreased by the lack of a properly sized dynamic loudspeaker, typical of modern machines and particularly laptops, that use a piezoelectric speaker. The reason for this is that PWM-produced audio requires a low-pass filter before the final output in order to suppress switching noise and high harmonics, something that a normal dynamic loudspeaker can do on its own right, while a piezoelectric speaker will let most switching noise pass, as will many direct couplings (though there are exceptions to this, e.g. filtered "speaker in" ports on some motherboards and sound cards).
External links
Site for old PC without sound cards.
GameDev.net article on programming the PC Speaker.
Part 1 of another article about programming the PC speaker.
Part 2 of the article(includes a very detailed explanation of how to play back PCM audio on the PC speaker, and why it works)
Bleeper Music Maker A freeware to use the PC speaker to make music
Article about programming PC speaker using C++
Commandline PC speaker program for LinuxFTP

PC Speaker USB

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Pen USB Disk

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bluetooth dongle headset

Remote Control Keyboard

Flexible Silicone Keyboard

roll up displays

Fruit Roll-Ups, a fruit snack available in the United States and Australia
Rollup, a tactic of investors where similar small companies are acquired and then merged.
Star Wars Roll-up, an alternative name for the Star Wars opening crawl
Roll-up, a kind of cigarette containing shag tobacco, hand-rolled in rolling papers
Roll-up keyboard, a keyboard that can be rolled up
Roll-away computer, a computer that can be rolled up
Roll-up, a type of pin in professional wrestling

Display may mean one of several things:
Airshow, Museum, Art exhibition, Trade fair, Science fair, Store display
Trade show display, the physical screens, banners and other paraphernalia used to fill a temporary exhibit space at a trade show or trade fair.
Display as a form of biological behaviour
Object for promotion and/or providing information, e.g. of cardboard, in a shop, movie theater, etc.; see Point-of-sale displays, Film promotion.
Display device, a device for displaying visual or tactile information
In particular, a computer display (monitor), a television screen or other electronic visual displays.
Display font - a font that is suitable for use on a computer display
Information visualization
Fireworks display
Volumetric display
A type of activation frame in a call stack utilized by programming languages

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Remote Control Keyboard

Sun Visor Monitors

A sun visor is a component of an automobile located on the interior just above the windshield (also known as windscreen).
Most cars have two sun visors. One for the driver and a second for the passenger's side, with the rear-view mirror often mounted in the middle. Each visor can be lowered to help block light from the sun entering through the windshield. They can also be turned to the front side window to reduce lateral sun exposure.
Many sun visors also incorporate a vanity mirror for passenger's convenience. In some cases, a flip up cover over the mirror automatically turns on the vanity lights, which can be adjusted with a sliding dimmer control (see image).
Recently, sunvisors incorporating LCD screens, DVD players and other devices have become available as an aftermarket modification.

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automated parking system

Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) is an automatic parking system first developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 2004 for its latest Lexus models and also the Japanese market hybrid Prius models. In Europe, the APGS is marketed as the Intelligent Park Assist system. On vehicles equipped with the APGS, via an in-dash screen and button controls, the car can steer itself into a parking space with little input from the user. The latest version of APGS helps determine that the car has enough clearance for a particular space, and calculates the steering maneuvers needed for parallel or reverse parking. In 2006, the APGS debuted for the first time on a luxury vehicle with the new Lexus LS, which featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyota. This was the first appearance of the APGS in the United States and other countries.

How it works
Demonstration of the APGS on a Lexus LS.
On the Lexus LS, the Advanced Parking Guidance System uses computer processors which are tied to the Lexus Intuitive Park Assist (sonar warning system) feature, backup camera, and two additional forward sensors on the front side fenders. The Intuitive Park Assist featu

re includes multiple sensors on the forward and rear bumpers which detect obstacles, allowing the system to sound warnings and calculate optimum steering angles during regular parking. These sensors plus the two additional APGS sensors are tied to a central computer processor, which in turn is integrated with the backup camera system to provide the driver parking information.
When the Intuitive Park Assist feature is used, the processor(s) calculate steering angle data which are displayed on the navigation/camera touchscreen along with obstacle information. The Advanced Parking Guidance System expands on this capability and is accessible when the vehicle is shifted to reverse (which automatically activates the backup camera). When in reverse, the backup camera screen features APGS buttons which can be used to activate automated parking procedures. When the Advanced Parking Guidance System is activated, the central processor calculates the optimum parallel or reverse park steering angles and then interfaces with the Electric Power Steering systems of the vehicle to guide the car into the parking spot.

Media reports
The Advanced Parking Guidance System on "Oprah."
A video from CNBC showed the system working "quite effectively" with a first-time user and other reviewers found that the APGS worked smoothly. A video produced by Automobile Magazine demonstrates how the system makes parking more difficult, due to some complexity to the touchscreen.
Lexus LS 460 L Self Parking Video at YouTube A demonstration of the APGS by Winding Road magazine.
Advertising
The Advanced Parking Guidance System "Pyramid" advertisement.
Lexus capitalized on the debut of the APGS in the U.S. with its LS flagship with two ads. The first, "Pyramid," depicted a driver parking a car between two stacks of glasses using the APGS. A second ad showing a montage of different technologies, followed finally by a demonstration of the APGS, and a man stating that he never thought this technology could possibly exist.
Lexus' APGS has also been referenced by competitors Audi and Hyundai in their own advertisements. Audi marketed their 2007 A4 as "the luxury car for people who can park themselves," and showed a professional driver swing into a tight parallel parking space. Hyundai's advertisement for the 2007 Azera listed a side-by-side feature comparison between the Azera and the LS460, reaching a conclusion that although the Azera lacks automatic parking, the cost savings could easily go towards valet service

Parallel Parking with the APGS
A summary of the Lexus LS Advanced Parking Guidance System procedures for parallel parking follows. Please note that this is an unofficial summary, and should be treated as such.
1. Pull up alongside the parking space. Move forward until your vehicle's rear bumper passes the rear wheel of the car parked in front of the open space.
2. Shift to reverse. This will automatically activate the backup camera system, and the car's rear view will appear on dash navigation/camera touchscreen display.
3. Select the parallel park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen. A grid will appear with green or red lines, a flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows.
4. Check to see if the representative box on the screen correctly identifies the parking space. If the space is large enough to park, the box will be green in color. If the box is incorrectly placed, or lined in red, use the arrow buttons to move the box until it turns green.
5. If the parking space is correctly identified, press OK. Take your hands off the steering wheel, while keeping your foot on the brake pedal.
6. Slowly release the brake, while keeping your foot on the brake pedal. The car will then begin to back up and steer itself into the parking space. If at any time the steering wheel is touched or the brake firmly pressed, the system will disengage. The vehicle also cannot exceed a set speed, or the system will deactivate.
7. "The guidance is finished." When the car's computer voice issues this statement, the APGS system has finished parking your car. You can now shift to drive and pull forward to make adjustments in the space if necessary.
Reverse Parking with the APGS
The reverse park procedure, as follows, is virtually identical to the parallel parking procedure. Please note that this is an unofficial summary, and should be treated as such.
1. Pull up next to the parking space. Move forward and turn your car, positioning it in place for backing into the reverse parking spot. The vehicle rear should be facing the reverse parking spot, allowing the backup camera to 'see' the parking area.
2. Shift to reverse. This will automatically activate the backup camera system.
3. Select the reverse park guidance button on the navigation/camera touchscreen. A grid will appear with green or red lines, a flag symbol representing the corner of the parking spot, and adjustment arrows.
4. Check the parking space and engage the reverse park procedure. Follow the same exact procedures as outlined in steps 4-7 of the parallel park procedure.

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Autoloader dvd duplicator

An auto-loader or autoloader is a mechanical aid or replacement for the personnel that load ordnance into crew-served weapons, such as tanks and artillery. The term is generally only applied to larger weapons that would otherwise have a dedicated person or persons loading them; the mechanism that automatically loads automatic weapons is not considered an auto-loader.
An auto-loader, as its name suggests, extracts a shell and propellant charge from a magazine, loads it into the chamber of the gun, and closes the breech. It can and often does replace the loader. Theoretically, by automating the loading process, it should streamline and speed up the loading process, resulting in a more effective fighting machine. Also, since an auto-loader can take up less volume inside a tank than a human, it allows for a lower profile, saving weight and making the tank harder to hit. However, auto-loaders on tanks often fail to live up to these promises and even when they do, they are often to the detriment of other factors that determine combat effectiveness in the real world.

History
Auto-loaders were developed at the beginning of World War II. Their first combat use was in tank-buster aircraft such as the 75mm-equipped Henschel Hs 129. Auto-loaders in the modern sense bear the closest similarity to those fitted to aircraft. Every Soviet and Russian derived tank since the T-64 main battle tank has used an autoloader, allowing a significant decrease of weight and size. Their use has been mostly shunned by American and British tanks, although the American T22 medium tank was one of the first to use an autoloader.

Issues with autoloaders on ground vehicles

Mobile Gun System. The US Mobile Gun System autoloader holds 18 rounds.
In the modern era, autoloading is ubiquitous on any large (3–5 inch, or 76.2mm–127mm) naval gun. The size of the shells, when combined with the more elaborate autoloading facilities available in the wider spaces of a ship, makes an autoloader much faster than human loaders. For example, the US 5"/38 Mark 12 can load about 20 rounds per minute. The Soviet/Russian AK-130 (twin barrel 130 mm), using autoloading, can achieve up to 40 rounds per gun per minute.The Italian 127 mm/5" Compact has similar performance. Another example is the USS Des Moines 8-inch guns, which can fire 10 rounds per minute when other guns of the same caliber can only do 2 rounds per minute.
The advantage in speed, resulting in greater firepower, makes autoloaders the logical choice for ships. The contest, however, is a lot closer for ground vehicles.

Reliability
Experiences with the reliability of autoloaders in tanks have been mixed. Some Soviet models, such as the T-64, have had very reliable autoloaders, while others, such as the T-72, have had less reliable autoloaders.[citation needed] The American M8-AGS (cancelled) autoloader was supposed to work quite well, while the Stryker Mobile Gun System's autoloader is supposed to be poor.[citation needed] In any case, it is quite unlikely that an autoloader can be as reliable as a human loader. If the autoloader fails, manual loading becomes very awkward because the autoloader takes up most of the required space.

Rate of fire
A modern autoloader for a 120–125 mm caliber weapon in good condition can achieve about 10–12 rounds per minute. This rating may or may not include the time required to bring the gun to the appropriate loading angle (if required) and then bringing it back up to firing angle after loading. This is fast, but not quite as fast as a human loader, for which claims of 15 rounds per minute (at least for a short time) are made.[citation needed]
On the other hand, the very newest autoloaders claim to match this rate of fire.Furthermore, it is considered atypical to engage more than a few targets per minute in a tank. The autoloader may also have an advantage over rough terrain that may jar the human loader enough to disrupt his loading cycle.
For weapons above 125 mm, the increased weight of the round pushes this issue decisively in favor of the autoloader. For 6-inch self-propelled artillery, for example, autoloaders can typically achieve 8–12 rounds per minute, while humans typically achieve 4 rounds per minute. For sustained bombardments, this may not be so important for sustained firing rates for artillery is typically only 1–2 rounds per minute, but the rapid-fire capability is vital to shoot-and-scoot tactics to deliver enough fire and then avoid the rapid counterbattery response provided by modern counterbattery systems.

Survivability
Another common, but not universal, issue is survivability; many autoloaders store their ammunition in the turret basket, increasing the possibility of a catastrophic explosion should the armor around the ammunition be penetrated, although such a penetration is unlikely in this location. However, an autoloader also allows for the crew to be located within the hull of a tank instead of in the turret, increasing the probability of survival.

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An LED display is a video display which uses light-emitting diodes. An LED panel is a small display, or a component of a larger display. They are typically used outdoors in store signs and billboards. LED panels are sometimes used as form of lighting, for the purpose of general illumination, task lighting, or even stage lighting rather than display.

There are two types of LED panels: conventional, using discrete LEDs, and surface-mounted device) (SMD) panels. Most outdoor screens and some indoor screens are built around discrete LEDs, also known as individually mounted LEDs. A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together to form a full-color pixel, usually square in shape. These pixels are spaced evenly apart and are measured from center to center for absolute pixel resolution. The largest LED display in the world is over 1,500 foot (457.2 m) long and is located in Las Vegas, Nevada covering the Fremont Street Experience.
Most indoor screens on the market are built using SMD technology—a trend that is now extending to the outdoor market. An SMD pixel consists of red, green, and blue diodes mounted on a chipset, which is then mounted on the driver PC board. The individual diodes are smaller than a pinhead and are set very close together. The difference is that the maximum viewing distance is reduced by 25% from the discrete diode screen with the same resolution.
Indoor use generally requires a screen that is based on SMD technology and has a minimum brightness of 600 candelas per square meter (cd/m², sometimes informally called nits). This will usually be more than sufficient for corporate and retail applications, but under high ambient-brightness conditions, higher brightness may be required for visibility. Fashion and auto shows are two examples of high-brightness stage lighting that may require higher LED brightness. Conversely, when a screen may appear in a shot on a television studio set, the requirement will often be for lower brightness levels with lower color temperatures (common displays have a white point of 6500 to 9000 K, which is much bluer than the common lighting on a television production set).
For outdoor use, at least 2,000 cd/m² is required for most situations, whereas higher-brightness types of up to 5,000 cd/m² cope even better with direct sunlight on the screen. (The brightness of LED panels can be reduced from the designed maximum, if required.)
Suitable locations for large display panels are identified by factors such as line of sight, local authority planning requirements (if the installation is to become semi-permanent), vehicular access (trucks carrying the screen, truck-mounted screens, or cranes), cable runs for power and video (accounting for both distance and health and safety requirements), power, suitability of the ground for the location of the screen (if there are no pipes, shallow drains, caves, or tunnels that may not be able to support heavy loads), and overhead obstructions.

LED display panels
Perhaps the first recorded flat panel LED television screen developed was by J. P. Mitchell in 1977 . The modular, scalable display array was initially enabled by hundreds of MV50 LEDs and a newly available TTL (transistor transistor logic) memory addressing circuit from National Semiconductor. The 1/4 inch thin flat panel prototype and the scientific paper were each displayed.at the 29th Engineering Exposition in Anaheim May 1978, organized by the Science Service in Washington D.C. The LED TV display received awards and recognition from NASA, General Motors Corporation, and faculty from area Universities. The event was open to technology and business representatives from the U.S. and overseas. The monochromatic prototype remains operational. A LCD (liquid crystal display) matrix design was also cited as a future flat panel TV possibility in the accompanying scientific paper as a future alternate television display method using a similar array scanning design.
In order to develop a color display, efficient blue LEDs were needed. Efficient blue LEDs did not emerge until the early 1990s completing the desired RGB color triad. High-brightness colors gradually emerged in the 1990s enabling new designs for outdoor signage and huge video displays for billboards and stadiums.

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Wireless USB is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol created by the Wireless USB Promoter Group. Wireless USB is sometimes abbreviated as "WUSB", although the USB Implementers Forum discourages this practice and instead prefers to call the technology "Certified Wireless USB" to differentiate it from competitors. Wireless USB is based on the WiMedia Alliance's Ultra-WideBand (UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of sending 480 Mbit/s at distances up to 3 meters and 110 Mbit/s at up to 10 meters. It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range, although local regulatory policies may restrict the legal operating range for any given country.
An upcoming 1.1 specification will increase speed to 1 Gbit/s and working frequencies up to 6 GHz.
“Wireless USB” is also the name of a separate wireless protocol created by Cypress Semiconductor for human interface devices

Uses
Wireless USB is used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, MP3 players, hard disks and flash drives. It is also suitable for transferring parallel video streams. Kensington released a Wireless USB universal docking station in August, 2008

Development
The Wireless USB Promoter Group was formed in February 2004 to define the Wireless USB specification. The group consists of Agere Systems (now merged with LSI Corporation), Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Microsoft, NEC Corporation, Philips and Samsung.
In May 2005, the Wireless USB Promoter Group announced the completion of the Wireless USB specification.
In June 2006, five companies showed the first multi-vendor interoperability demonstration of Wireless USB. A laptop with an Intel host adapter using an Alereon PHY was used to transfer high definition video from a Philips wireless semiconductor solution with a Realtek PHY, all using Microsoft Windows XP drivers developed for Wireless USB.
In October 2006 the FCC approved the first complete Host Wire Adapter (HWA) and Device Wire Adapter (DWA) wireless USB solution from WiQuest Communications for both outdoor and indoor use. The first retail product was shipped by IOGEAR using Alereon, Intel and NEC silicon in mid-2007. Around the same time, Belkin, Dell, Lenovo and D-Link began shipping products that incorporated WiQuest technology. These products included embedded cards in the notebook PCs or Hub/Adapter solutions for those PCs that do not currently include Wireless USB. In 2008, a new Wireless USB Docking Station from Kensington was made available through Dell. This product was unique as it was the first product on the market to support video and graphics over a USB connection, by using DisplayLink USB graphics technology. Kensington's Docking Station enables wireless connectivity between a notebook PC and an external monitor, speakers, and existing wired USB peripherals. Imation announced Q408 avaialbility of a new external Wireless HDD. Both of these products are based on WiQuest technology.

Compatibility options for older hardware
The WUSB architecture allows up to 127 devices to connect directly to a host. Because there are no wires or ports, there is no longer a need for hubs.
However, to facilitate the migration from wired to wireless, WUSB introduced a new Device Wire Adapter (DWA) class. Sometimes referred to as a "WUSB hub", a DWA allows existing USB 2.0 devices to be used wirelessly with a WUSB host.
WUSB host capability can be added to existing PCs through the use of a Host Wire Adapter (HWA). The HWA is a USB 2.0 device that attaches externally to a desktop or laptop's USB port or internally to a laptop's MiniCard interface.
WUSB also supports dual-role devices (DRDs), which in addition to being a WUSB device, can function as a host with limited capabilities. For example, a digital camera could act as a device when connected to a computer and as a host when transferring pictures directly to a printer.

Relation to ultra-wideband (UWB)

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Most commercial Bluetooth 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0 headsets will work with the PlayStation 3. However, some Bluetooth headsets are not compatible. Listed below are the most common, and known Bluetooth headsets that are compatible with the PlayStation 3. most newer ones are compatible>
BlueAnt
X3 Micro v1.2
Z9 v2.0
BlueTrek
X2
Cardo
Scala 500 v1.2
Scala 700 v2.0
Encore Electronics
ENBTHS-011 v1.2
HR-US
G6 Micro v 2.0
Jabra
BT125 v2.0 (This is the headset that comes with the UK Warhawk bundle)
BT135 v2.0 (This is the headset that comes with the US Warhawk bundle)
BT150 v1.2
BT160 v1.2
BT325s v2.5
BT350 v1.2
BT500 v1.2
BT5010 v2.0
BT5020
BT8010
BT8040
JX-10 v1.2
LG
HBM 300 v.1.2
HBM 710 v.1.2
Motorola
H300 v1.2 (requires specific sequence of console, game, and headset start up; for all intents and purposes, incompatible)
H350 v2.0 (interference with controller if turned on after game load, requires system restart)
H500 v1.2
H500 v2.0 (interference with controller causing it to freeze and require a system restart)
H505 v1.2
H605 v1.2
H670 v2.0
H700 v1.2 (interference with controller causing it to freeze and require a system restart)
HT500 v1.2 (interference with controller causing it to freeze and require a system restart)
HS655 v2.0
HS805 v1.2
HS810 v1.1
HS815 v1.1
HT820 v1.2
M3 v1.2
S9
HS820(krazyfrito)
HS850(Krazyfrito)
Nexxus
Talksmart Pro 2 v2.0
Nokia
BH-101
BH-102 v.2.0
BH-200 v.2.0
BH-202 v.1.2
BH-602
BH-900 v.2.0
HS-26W v.2.0
HS-36W v.2.0
nXZEN
5500 v 1.2
Plantronics
Discovery 640 v1.2
Discovery 655 v2.0 (One report of Failure)
Explorer 220 v1.2
Explorer 220 v2.0
Explorer 320 v1.2
Explorer 330 v1.1
M 2300 v1.1
Pulsar 590A v2.0
Pulsar 590E
Voyager 510 v1.2
Voyager 520 v2.0
Radio Shack
Voice Star VS610 v1.1
Samsung
WEP170 v1.2
WEP200 v2.0
Sony Computer Entertainment
Official Bluetooth headset for PlayStation 3 (This is the headset that comes with the bundle of the game, SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation)
Sony-Ericsson
HBH-35(works but has a problem with echo)
HBH-300 v1.1
HBH-602 v1.1
HBH-608
HBH-610 v2.0
HBH-662
HBH-IV835
HBH-IV840
Southwing (Cingular)
SA505 v2.0
Soyo
Freestyler 500 v.1.2
Tekkeon
ET2000 v.1.2
VXI
BlueParrot B150TK v1.2
Wi-Gear Inc.
iMuffs MB210 v.2.0

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Name Card Scanner

The term card (from Greek χάρτης - chartēs, "paper, papyrus"), primarily refers to cardboard or a piece of this.
More generally, the term can refer to any of various small flat objects, typically made from heavy paper or plastic. In particular:
Business card, a wallet sized card containing contact information for a person or business
Cigarette card, a trading card used to reinforce cigarette packaging
Common Access Card (CAC), a Department of Defense (DoD) access & ID Card; contains a computer chip.
Credit card, a plastic card for purchasing items on credit
Debit card, a plastic card for purchasing items using money in a bank account
Expansion card or computer card, a computer hardware component or device, attached generally inside a computer, that provides added functionality, such as a graphics card or sound card
File card (tool), a metal brush used to clean the cutting grooves on files
Flashcard, a card with questions and answers written on it, used as a learning aid
Gift card, usually plastic payment tool that is mailed or given to a relative, friend, or associate as a method of purchasing within stores
Green card, an identification card for permanent non-citizen US residents
Greeting card, usually folded paper that is mailed or given to a relative, friend, or associate to express a message of greeting, appreciation, or some other sentiment
Health card, a token to be used as patient data card (PDC) or health professional card (HPC)
ID card, an identity document
Index card, a card for creating and organizing notes in a stack, usually for a research project
Library card, a card used to borrow books or other media from a library
Memory card, a data storage device used with digital cameras, computers, telephones, music players, video game consoles, and other electronics
Penalty cards for rule violations in several sports, e.g. red card or yellow card
Playing card, a card, typically made of laminated paper, used for playing games
Policy debate card, a piece of evidence in policy debate
Postcard, a card used for sending messages in the mail without use of an envelope
Punch card, an obsolete method for storing data
Raising card, a spiked brush-like tool used to straighten out wool, hemp, etc.
SIM card, a smart card identifying a mobile phone service subscriber
Smart card, a plastic card containing a computer chip (also known as a Key Card)
Time card, a card used to record a worker's hours of employment
Trading card, a card used for trading or collecting, or for use in a collectible card game
Value card, a self-help device listing behavior changes the bearer wants to make
Visiting card, aka calling card, a more personal version of a business card
Non-physical analogues of physical cards:
E-card, an electronic version of a greeting card or postcard
Test card, also known as a test pattern, a television test signal, typically broadcast at times when the transmitter is active, but no programmes are being broadcast
Teams
Arizona Cardinals, a National Football League team
Louisville Cardinals, the athletic teams of the University of Louisville
St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team
Other
Card (professional wrestling), the lineup of the matches that will be staged at a given venue for a given performance
People
Orson Scott Card, science fiction author.

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digital audio player, more commonly referred to as an MP3 player, is a consumer electronics device that stores, organizes and plays audio files. Some DAPs are also referred to as portable media players as they have image-viewing and/or video-playing support. MP3 players are now regularly built into mobile phones, making them the most common form of digital audio player.

History
Grundig MPAXX MP-100 player with a 32 MB MMC card
The immediate predecessor in the market place of the digital audio player was the portable CD player, which was sometimes referred to as a "portable audio device."
Briton Kane Kramer designed one of the earliest digital audio players, which he called the IXI. His 1979 prototype was capable of approximately 3.5 minutes of audio playback but it did not enter commercial production. The related patents expired in 1988. Apple Inc. hired Kramer as a consultant and presented his work as an example of prior art in the field of digital audio players during their litigation with Burst.com almost two decades later.
The first mass-produced DAP was created in 1997 by SaeHan Information Systems, which domestically sold its “MPMan” player in the middle of 1998. The South Korean company then licensed the players to Eiger Labs which distributed them—now branded as Eiger Labs MPMan F10—to the North American market during the summer of 1998.The flash-based players were available in 16 MB storage capacity.
The Rio PMP300 from Diamond Multimedia was introduced in September 1998, a few months after the MPMan. It was a success during the holiday season, with sales exceeding expectations. Interest and investment in digital music were subsequently spurred from it. Because of the player's notoriety as the target of a major lawsui, the Rio is erroneously assumed to be the first DAP.
In 1998, Compaq developed the first hard drive based DAP using a 2.5" laptop drive. It was licensed to HanGo Electronics (now known as Remote Solution), which first sold the PJB-100 (Personal Jukebox) in 1999. The player had an initial capacity of 4.8 GB, which was advertised to be able to hold 1200 songs
In October 2001, Apple Computer (now known as Apple Inc.) unveiled the first generation iPod, the 5 GB hard drive based DAP with a 1.8" Toshiba drive. With the development of a minimalistic user interface and a smaller form factor, the iPod was initially notable within users of the Macintosh community. In July 2002, Apple introduced the second generation update to the iPod. It was compatible with Windows computers through Musicmatch Jukebox (now known as Y!Music Musicmatch Jukebox). The iPod series, which grew to include microdrive and flash-based players, has become the market leader in DAPs.
In 2002, Archos released the first "portable media player" (PMP), the Archos Jukebox Multimedia.Manufacturers have since implemented abilities to view images and play videos into their devices.
In 2003 the first MP3 players were installed into mobile phones in South Korea and the first artist to sell songs as MP3 file downloads directly to mobile phones was Ricky Martin. The innovation spread rapidly and by 2005, more than half of all music sold in South Korea was sold directly to mobile phones. The idea spread across the globe and by 2005 all five major handset makers, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, LG and SonyEricsson had released musicphones. By 2006, more MP3 players were sold in musicphones than all stand-alone MP3 players put together. The rapid rise of the musicphone was quoted by Apple as a primary reason for developing the iPhone. In 2007, the installed base of musicphones passed the 1 billion level, and today more than half of all moblie phones in the world have an MP3 player.
Although online music services such as RealNetworks’ Rhapsody also offer legal downloads through a subscription plan, the launch of the iTunes Store in 2003 established the model of selling individual songs and albums for purchase.

Operation
Connecting a computer to a SanDisk Sansa Clip.
Digital sampling is used to convert an audio wave to a sequence of binary numbers that can be stored in a digital format, such as MP3. Common features of all MP3 players are a memory storage device, such as flash memory or a miniature hard disk drive, an embedded processor, and an audio codec microchip to convert compressed sound into analogue form that is then played through the speaker jack.
Most DAPs are powered by rechargeable batteries, some of which are not user replaceable. Listening to music stored on DAPs is typically through earphones and stereo systems connected with a 3.5 mm jack.

Types

Digital audio players are generally categorized by storage media:
Flash-based Players: These are non-mechanical solid state devices that hold digital audio files on internal flash memory or removable flash media called memory cards. Due to technological advancements in flash memory, these originally low-storage devices are now available commercially ranging up to 32 GB.Because they are solid state and do not have moving parts they require less battery power and may be more resilient to hazards such as dropping or fragmentation than hard disk-based players. Basic MP3 player functions are commonly integrated into USB flash drives.
Hard drive-based Players or Digital Jukeboxes: Devices that read digital audio files from a hard disk drive (HDD). These players have higher capacities currently ranging up to 250 GB. At typical encoding rates, this means that thousands of songs can be stored on one player.
MP3 CD Players: Portable CD players that can decode and play MP3 audio files stored on CDs.
Networked audio players: Players that connect via (WiFi) network to receive and play audio.

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